要旨
Ji Li
降雨の観測は広域の地球環境の理解、そして将来の環境対策を考える上で重要である。広域の降水観測は衛星に寄らざるを得ない。近年のマイクロ波電波技術の進展により、衛星搭載の降雨レーダが実現した。1997年11月に打ち上げられた熱帯降雨観測衛星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission: TRMM)では14GHzの降雨レーダによる降水観測が行われている。このレーダからは降雨の鉛直構造が観測されるがその精度を十分に検討しなくてはならない。この精度検討の一つとして、海上の降雨の鏡像エコーを使用する方法がある。海面はレーダ電波のよい反射体であるため、海上の降雨を上空から観測すると降雨の直接エコーとともに鏡像エコーが生じる。直接エコーと鏡像エコーを比較すると、レーダ電波の降雨減衰量が推定できる。さらに降雨減衰量と降雨強度との関係を使って、レーダ降水強度推定を検定できる可能性がある。 |
The importance of release of latent heat by preciptiation in the earth's energy budget has long been recognized, but a lack of accuracy measurement of precipitation especially over the tropical oceans, where over two-thirds of the global precipitation falls, means that their representation is one of the major uncertainties in current climate models. Remote sensing techniques have made fread progress in recent years. Several satellikte based systems have shown potential for monitoring on the nevessary space and time scales. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a joint project between the United States and Japan. The first spacecraft designed to monitor rain over the tropics, was successfully launched from Tanegashima Space Center of Japan, on November 27, 1997. Because of the limitation of the antenna size, an attenuating frequency has to be selected in order to obtain adequate spatial resolution. Therefore, the attenuation correction has become very important for such a single attenuating wavelength radar. The mirror image return of precipitation, which is due to a double reflection involving energy reflected from the surface to the precipitation and back to the radar via a second reflection from the surface, has a potential to be used for attenuation correction. A 4-way intefrated precipitation attenuation could be estimated by comparing the direct image returns with their mirror image returns, and rain rate could be derived from estimated attenuation by using the K-R relationship. |