要旨
永田 絵美
アマゾニアは熱帯域の中でも、地球上に残る熱帯雨林の約3分の1を占め、地球上の20%近くを占める淡水放出量を持つアマゾン川水系があり、地球の水循環に重要な役割を果たしている。しかし、熱帯雨林の存在故に、現在もアマゾニアにある地上観測点は少なく、特に第2次世界大戦以前のデータはほとんどないため、過去のアマゾンの気候には解明されていない部分が多い。第二次世界大戦以前に日本人のアマゾン入植者がアマゾニア産業研究所において、1931-1941年に気象観測を行った。このデータを用いて当時の気象状況を調べた。観測点はアマゾン川中流にあり、他の観測点から離れた所にある。データは雨季乾季の差を明確に示した。気温は降雨に応じて変化し、雨季に低温、乾季に高温となっていた。日周変化を見ると、朝と夜が低く、日中が最も高くなる。地上風も日周変化を示していた。アマゾニア産業研究所付近では北東貿易風により一日中1 m / s 程度の弱い東風が吹いているが、日中(14LST)になると他の時間には見られない北風が吹く。下層の雲向の目視観測データからは日周変化が見られず、中層・上層の雲向についても同様である。これは、風の日周変化が地上付近のみであることを示唆する。雷についてのデータからは乾季は降雨が少ないものの、降雨量に対する雷の頻度が高いことが示された。 |
Amazonia plays an important role in global hydrological circulation and contains
one third of the largest areas of tropical rain forests left on the Earth.
Amazonia has the Amazon River system which is the largest river system
on the Earth with nearly 20% of the Earth’s freshwater discharge. However,
because many tropical rainforests exist in Amazonia, there are few meteorological
observing stations both in past and present, especially before World War
U. This means that it is difficult to clarify past climate of Amazonia.
Japanese immigrants to Amazon had performed meteorological observation
at the Amazonia Institute between 1931 to 1941 before World War U.
The station at the Amazonia Institute located in the middle Amazon and did not
have other meteorological observation station. The data at the Amazonia
Institute are analyzed. The data clearly show different characteristics between
rainy season and dry season. The temperature changes with the rainfall, and low
temperature appears in rainy season and high temperature in dry season. The diurnal
variation of temperature is seen as in the morning and at night the temperature
is low, and the highest in the daytime. The surface wind data also show the
diurnal variation. Although easterly winds with 1 m/s blow all day as the northeast
trade wind near the Amazonia Institute, northerly winds blow in the daytime
(14LST). The diurnal variation is not seen in the eye observation data for moving
direction of clouds. This suggests that the diurnal variation of the wind exists
only in the surface wind. Seasonal variation of precipitation characteristics shows
that the frequency of the thunder normalized by the amount of the precipitation
is high in the dry season though the precipitation is little. The rain distribution maps from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) are used for comparison in the seasonal movement of the precipitation area. The movement is found consistent with the data at the Amazonia Institute and other station. The TRMM data also show that the river affects the diurnal variation of rain. This may be because of the river breeze by the land - river thermal contrast. In the interannual variation of precipitation the relationship with ENSO is also investigated. It is said that El Nino decreases precipitation from July to next March. This is confirmed from TRMM-PR data. At 1932 and 1939 recorded as El Nino, precipitation from July to next February is small and therefore averaged annual rain is small. It shows the El Nino tendency is the same as at that time. Although less precipitation was recorded than average at the Amazonia Institute in 1935 and 1936, there is no record that El Nino occurred in 1935 and 1936 in Amazonia, and precipitation during August to December is not small. It remains unclear whether El Nino had occurred or not. The observation period of the Amazonia Institute data is too short, and it is difficult to estimate past climate at the Amazonia Institute. |